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Diarrhea in cows can stem from a multitude of factors. These can be broadly categorized into infectious and non-infectious causes. Infectious causes often include pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. For instance, E. coli and Salmonella are bacteria that can lead to severe intestinal disturbances in cattle. Viral infections like Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) also play a pivotal role in causing dehydration and nutrient loss, particularly in young calves.


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The welfare of sheep is paramount in both ethical and economic terms. Farmers are increasingly aware that managing pain not only fulfills their moral obligations but also impacts productivity. Animals that are in less pain tend to have better feeding habits, which translates to improved growth rates and productivity in meat and wool production. Furthermore, pain management can lead to shorter recovery times after medical procedures, reducing the overall costs associated with veterinary care.


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