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BRD is multifactorial, meaning that it arises from various factors working in combination. Respiratory pathogens, such as Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni, often cause secondary infections following a viral infection, such as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) or bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). Environmental factors like overcrowding, poor ventilation, sudden temperature changes, and inadequate nutrition can weaken the immune system of cattle, making them more susceptible to pneumonia.


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Pancreatitis in dogs can be triggered by various factors. One of the most common causes is dietary indiscretion, which includes consuming fatty foods or table scraps that the dog's digestive system is not accustomed to. Other contributing factors may include obesity, certain medications, metabolic disorders, and infections. Furthermore, some breeds are genetically predisposed to pancreatitis, with Miniature Schnauzers, Yorkshire Terriers, and Cocker Spaniels among those at higher risk.


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In addition to direct medicinal contributions, cows serve as significant research models in veterinary and medical science. Their physiology, size, and genetics allow researchers to study complex biological processes and diseases applicable in both human and veterinary medicine. For instance, understanding bovine respiratory disease not only helps improve cattle health but also provides insights into similar diseases in humans, thereby bridging veterinary and human medicine.


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bandy tablet side effects