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E. coli infections in poultry are primarily caused by specific pathogenic strains, such as Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). These strains can lead to various health complications in birds, including colibacillosis, a disease characterized by severe respiratory, urinary, and secondary systemic infections. Symptoms often include diarrhea, depression, and high mortality rates, particularly in young chicks. As poultry is a significant source of protein for humans globally, managing E. coli infections in birds is crucial for ensuring food safety and public health.


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vitamins dogs need

Vitamin A is essential for maintaining healthy vision, skin, and immune function. It plays a critical role in cellular growth and reproduction. Dogs can source Vitamin A from animal-based products, particularly liver, fish, eggs, and dairy. Additionally, certain vegetables like carrots and sweet potatoes contain beta-carotene, which can be converted into Vitamin A. However, it’s crucial to ensure that your dog does not consume excessive amounts, as too much Vitamin A can lead to toxicity.


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vitamins dogs need