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Udder swelling occurs when the mammary glands become inflamed due to infection, trauma, or other factors. The most common cause is bacterial infection, with pathogens such as *Staphylococcus aureus* and *Escherichia coli* being the primary culprits. Milking machine malfunctions, improper milking techniques, and poor hygiene practices can also exacerbate the risk of infection. Environmental stressors, nutritional deficiencies, and systemic diseases can further contribute to the swelling.


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veterinary drugs list pdf

Camel medicine encompasses a variety of practices, including preventive care, diagnosis of diseases, and treatment methods. Traditional healers, often referred to as camel doctors, used their observations and experiences to diagnose ailments, relying heavily on the camel's behavior and physical appearance. For example, changes in eating habits, social behavior, or physical condition could indicate underlying health issues. Remedies might include the use of local herbs, dietary changes, or even massage techniques to soothe the animals.


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veterinary drugs list pdf