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To combat these parasites, farmers rely on a range of medicinal solutions. Anthelmintics, commonly known as dewormers, are the primary medicines used to treat internal parasites. These medications work by either killing the parasites or inhibiting their growth and reproduction. There are several classes of anthelmintics, including benzimidazoles, macrocyclic lactones, and imidazothiazoles, each with its mode of action. Farmers must carefully choose the appropriate medication based on the specific parasite species present in their flock and the resistance patterns that may have developed over time.


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pharmaceutical dosage form concept and classification

Amoxicillin is typically administered via injection for more immediate and effective action, especially in cases where oral administration may not be feasible due to the severity of the infection or the animal's condition. The specific dosage and duration of treatment depend on various factors, including the type of infection, the animal’s weight, and overall health condition. Veterinarians will closely monitor the animal’s response to treatment, adjusting the dosage as necessary to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes.


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pharmaceutical dosage form concept and classification

The canine digestive system is uniquely designed to process a variety of foods, including proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. It begins with the mouth, where the mechanical breakdown of food occurs, followed by the esophagus, which transports the food to the stomach. In the stomach, gastric acid and enzymes further digest the food before it passes into the small intestine, where most nutrient absorption takes place. The remaining undigested materials then move to the large intestine for water absorption and eventual excretion.


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pharmaceutical dosage form concept and classification

Opioids, while more common in companion animals, have started to gain traction in veterinary practice for cattle, especially in cases of severe pain. Drugs like buprenorphine have shown promise but require careful dosing and monitoring due to their potency and potential side effects. Local anesthetics can also play a vital role in pain management, particularly during surgical procedures or at calving, where targeted pain relief can significantly enhance welfare.


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pharmaceutical dosage form concept and classification