In addition to vaccination, antibiotics have traditionally been used to treat E. coli infections in poultry. However, rising concerns over antibiotic resistance have sparked a reevaluation of such practices. The overuse of antibiotics can lead to resistant strains of bacteria, complicating treatment options and posing risks to human health. As a result, researchers are exploring alternatives to antibiotics. Probiotics, organic acids, and phytogenics have gained attention as potential modifiers of gut health, helping to outcompete harmful bacteria and enhance the overall resilience of poultry.