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Cow eye infections, commonly referred to as conjunctivitis or pinkeye, can occur in both calves and adult cattle, though younger animals are often more susceptible due to their developing immune systems. The condition is characterized by inflammation of the conjunctiva— the membrane that covers the white part of the eye and inner eyelids— and can result in symptoms such as redness, excessive tearing, squinting, and in severe cases, eye discharge. Infected cattle may also experience discomfort, leading to behavioral changes such as reduced feed intake and general lethargy.


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dog internal medicine

Avian influenza, commonly referred to as bird flu, poses a significant threat to poultry health worldwide, including chickens. The disease can lead to severe economic losses in the poultry industry due to high mortality rates and restrictions on trade. Managing avian influenza effectively requires a multifaceted approach, including vaccination, biosecurity measures, and the use of appropriate medications. In this article, we will explore the various medicines used to treat and manage flu in chickens.


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dog internal medicine

Amoxicillin exerts its antimicrobial effect by interfering with the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. Specifically, it binds to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, inhibiting the cross-linking of peptidoglycan layers. This disruption leads to weakened cell walls and ultimately causes bacterial lysis and death. The broad-spectrum nature of amoxicillin makes it effective against a range of pathogens, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, and various strains of Staphylococcus.


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dog internal medicine