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Feed additives, particularly, have become a cornerstone of poultry nutrition. These non-antibiotic growth promoters (NAGPs) are substances added to animal feed to enhance growth performance and feed efficiency. Probiotics, prebiotics, and organic acids are examples of feed additives that can improve gut health, enhancing nutrient absorption and overall performance in chickens. This approach aligns with a more natural growth strategy, emphasizing the enhancement of the poultry's own biological processes rather than relying solely on pharmaceutical interventions.


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pharmacology veterinary medicine pdf

The exact cause of horse asthma is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to an allergic reaction to inhaled irritants. Horses that are stabled on straw bedding, fed hay, or kept in dusty environments are particularly susceptible. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical signs, a thorough history, and diagnostic tests such as endoscopy or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) to assess airway inflammation and to rule out other conditions.


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pharmacology veterinary medicine pdf