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Heaves, clinically known as recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), is a common respiratory condition in horses, particularly affecting older animals. Characterized by cough, nasal discharge, and difficulty in breathing, heaves can significantly impair a horse's quality of life and athletic performance. The primary cause of heaves is an allergic reaction to environmental allergens, including dust, mold, and pollen. Managing this condition effectively requires a thorough understanding of its pathophysiology and the potential treatment options available, including antihistamines.


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kitten vitamin paste

The B vitamins—comprising B1 (Thiamine), B2 (Riboflavin), B3 (Niacin), B5 (Pantothenic Acid), B6 (Pyridoxine), B7 (Biotin), B9 (Folate), and B12 (Cobalamin)—are essential for energy production and the metabolism of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. These vitamins also contribute to brain function and red blood cell formation. A diet rich in meats, whole grains, and vegetables will usually provide your bully puppy with the necessary B vitamins they need for healthy growth and energy levels.


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kitten vitamin paste