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Goats can contract pneumonia from pathogens such as Mannheimia hemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Mycoplasma spp. These bacteria can infect goats particularly when they face stress due to transportation, overcrowding, extreme weather conditions, or concurrent illnesses. Additionally, viral infections such as caprine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) can weaken the goat’s immune system, making them more susceptible to secondary bacterial infections, which often lead to pneumonia.


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classification of dosage forms

Coughing in poultry can stem from a variety of sources. Viral infections, such as Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) and Avian Influenza, are common culprits that can lead to respiratory distress. Bacterial infections, including Mycoplasmosis and Aspergillosis, as well as parasitic infestations such as those caused by lungworms, can also contribute to coughing. Environmental factors, including poor air quality and high ammonia levels, may exacerbate these issues, causing irritation of the respiratory tract.


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classification of dosage forms