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Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is a viral infection affecting cattle, caused by the Capripoxvirus. Characterized by the appearance of firm, nodular lesions on the skin and mucous membranes, LSD poses significant health risks to livestock and, consequently, threatens the livelihoods of farmers and the economy of countries reliant on cattle ranching. Though LSD primarily affects cattle, it can also impact other ruminants, leading to considerable production losses and trade restrictions. As such, understanding the treatment and management options for Lumpy Skin Disease is crucial for mitigating its impacts.


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human medication for dogs

BRD is multifactorial, meaning that it arises from various factors working in combination. Respiratory pathogens, such as Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni, often cause secondary infections following a viral infection, such as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) or bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). Environmental factors like overcrowding, poor ventilation, sudden temperature changes, and inadequate nutrition can weaken the immune system of cattle, making them more susceptible to pneumonia.


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human medication for dogs