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Fever is a natural response of the bovine immune system to infection, inflammation, or other pathogenic challenges. When a cow’s body temperature rises above the normal range of approximately 101.5°F (38.6°C), it indicates an ongoing physiological process meant to combat disease. Common causes of fever in cattle include infectious diseases, such as bovine respiratory disease (BRD), leptospirosis, and Mastitis. Non-infectious conditions such as stress, heat exhaustion, or even rumen acidosis can also lead to elevated temperatures.


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veterinary drug book pdf

Avian influenza, commonly referred to as bird flu, poses a significant threat to poultry health worldwide, including chickens. The disease can lead to severe economic losses in the poultry industry due to high mortality rates and restrictions on trade. Managing avian influenza effectively requires a multifaceted approach, including vaccination, biosecurity measures, and the use of appropriate medications. In this article, we will explore the various medicines used to treat and manage flu in chickens.


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veterinary drug book pdf