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BRD is multifactorial, meaning that it arises from various factors working in combination. Respiratory pathogens, such as Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni, often cause secondary infections following a viral infection, such as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) or bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). Environmental factors like overcrowding, poor ventilation, sudden temperature changes, and inadequate nutrition can weaken the immune system of cattle, making them more susceptible to pneumonia.


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lice medicine for goats

The B vitamins—which include B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B7 (biotin), B9 (folate), and B12—are vital for energy metabolism and overall health. They support the nervous system and contribute to healthy skin and coat. Most commercial dog foods are fortified with B vitamins, but natural sources include meats, eggs, fish, and green leafy vegetables. If your dog seems lethargic or has a dull coat, it might be worth discussing B vitamin supplementation with your veterinarian.


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lice medicine for goats