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Topical dosage forms are applied to the skin or mucous membranes for local effects. These forms include creams, ointments, gels, and patches. Creams are semi-solid preparations that are easy to apply and are absorbed quickly by the skin. Ointments are thicker than creams and provide a protective barrier on the skin. Gels are clear or semi-solid preparations that are easily spread over the skin. Patches are adhesive strips that deliver medication through the skin over a period of time.


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dog and cat internal medicine

When a beloved dog undergoes surgery, pet owners often experience a mix of concern and apprehension. One critical aspect of postoperative care is managing pain effectively. Pain management is essential not only for the comfort of the dog but also for a smooth recovery process. This article will explore the various types of pain medications available for dogs after surgery, their potential side effects, and important considerations for pet owners.


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dog and cat internal medicine